Regulation of fungal communities during pig manure composting.

The role of protein shell (PS) amendment in altering the fungal community during pig manure (PM) composting was investigated. Six different dosages of PS based on the dry weight of PM (0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, 10 %, and 12 %; T1-T6, respectively) were mixed with wheat straw to make the initial feedstock and composted for 42 days. The results showed that Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Giomeromycota were the most abundant phyla in all treatments. However, the relative abundance of Giomeromycota was the highest in the control treatment, although a substantially greater population was observed in all treatments. Genus abundance declined steadily from T1 to T6; however, T4 and T6 had smaller populations. Correlation analysis also suggested that T6 amendment increased the overall fungal dynamics and organic matter degradation. Thus, T6 was more efficient to enhance the overall fungal population and dynamics with considerable network connections among all the analyzed parameters.

Influence of biochar on succession of fungal communities during food waste composting.

This study aims to examine the effects of biochar on fungal dynamics during food waste composting. The different dosage of wheat straw biochar from 0 to 15% (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15%) were used as an additive to composting and examined for 42 days. The results showed that Ascomycota (94.64%) and Basidiomycota (5.36%) were the most dominant phyla. The most common fungal genera were Kluyveromyces (3.76%), Candida (5.34%), Trichoderma (2.30%), Fusarium (0.46%), Mycothermus-thermophilus (5.67%), Trametes (0.46%), and Trichosporon (3.38%). The average number of operational taxonomic units were 469, with the greatest abundance seen in the 7.5% and 10% treatments. Redundancy analysis revealed that different concentrations of biochar applied treatments have significantly distinct fungal communities. Additionally, correlation analyses of fungal interactions with environmental elements, performed through a heatmap, also indicate a distinct difference among the treatments. The study clearly demonstrates that 15% of biochar has a positive impact on fungal diversity and improves the food waste composting.

Biochar as smart organic catalyst to regulate bacterial dynamics during food waste composting.

The impact of wheat straw biochar (WSB) on bacterial dynamics succession during food waste (FW) composting was analyzed. Six treatments [0(T1), 2.5(T2), 5 (T3), 7.5 (T4), 10 (T5), and 15 %(T6)] dry weight WSB were used with FW and saw dust for composting. At the highest thermal peak at 59 ℃ in T6, the pH varied from 4.5 to 7.3, and electrical conductivity among the treatments varied from 1.2 to 2.0 mScm1. Firmicutes (25-97 %), Proteobacteria (8-45 %), and Bacteroidota (5-50 %) were among the dominate phyla of the treatments. Whereas, Bacillus (5-85 %), Limoslactobacillus (2-40 %), and Sphingobacterium (2-32 %) were highest among the identified genus in treatments but surprisingly Bacteroides was in greater abundance in the control treatments. Moreover, heatmap constructed with 35 various genera in all the treatments showed that Gammaproteobacterial genera contributed in large proportion after 42 days in T6. Additionally, a dynamic shift from Lactobacillus fermentum to higher abundance of Bacillus thermoamylovorans was reported on 42 days of FW composting. Biochar 15 % amendment can improve FW composting by influencing bacterial dynamics.

Effect of scleral protein shell amendment on bacterial community succession during the pig manure composting.

The impact of scleral protein shell (SPS) amendment on bacterial community succession during pig manure (PM) composting were evaluated in the present work. Five treatments representing different dry weight dosage of SPS [0 % (T1), 2.5 % (T2), 5 % (T3), 7.5 % (T4), 10 % (T5) and 12 % (T6)] were applied with initial mixture of raw materials (Wheat straw along with the PM) and composted for 42 days. Results indicated that the dominant of phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The relative abundance (RA) of genus un-identified, Ruminofilibacter, Thermovum, Longispora and Pseudomonas were greater among the all treatments but interestingly genus Ruminofilibacter was also higher in control treatment. The network analysis was confirmed that T6 treatment with higher dosage of SPS amendment could enhance the bacterial population and rate of organic matter mineralization. Compared with T1, the T5 has greater potential impact to enhance the bacterial population and significant correlation among the pH and temperature.

Evaluation of cornstalk as bulking agent on greenhouse gases emission and bacterial community during further composting.

The aim of current work was to explore the impact of Cornstalk (CS) on greenhouse gaseous emission and maturation during further composting and analyzed its impact on bacterial diversity. Three kinds of immature fertilizers were collected from chicken, pig and dairy manure namely T1, T2 and T3 as control, T4, T5 and T6 were added CS into T1 to T3 and adjusted C/N to 25 namely treatment. The results illustrated that gases (N2O, CH4 and NH3) emission of CS added treatments decreased by 6.39%-24.68%, 10.60%-23.23% and 13.00%-19.58%, respectively. But the CS amendment increased CO2 emission by 15.53%-30.81%. The mineralization of carbon and nitrogen was mainly correlated to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, CS amendment increased abundance by 22.28%, 17.79%, 1.48% and 35.90%, respectively. The strategy of employing CS would be the most feasible approach for recycling of immature manure, considering its compost quality and environmental from farm.

Patterns of heavy metal resistant bacterial community succession influenced by biochar amendment during poultry manure composting.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the heavy metal resistant bacteria (HMRB) community succession and bacterial activity in poultry manure (PM) composting. Five different concentration of chicken manure biochar (CMB) at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 10% on a dry weight basis was applied with initial feedstock (poultry manure + wheat straw) and indicated with T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. In addition, high-throughput sequencing, principal coordinate analysis, and correlation analysis were used to analyze the evolution of HMRB communities during composting. The study indicated that crucial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The bacterial diversity in the CMB amendment treatment was higher than in the control treatment, and T4 treatment has the highest among all CMB applied treatments. Moreover, results from CCA indicated that T4 and T5 treatments quickly enters the high-temperature period which is maintained for 5 days, and is significantly positively correlated with Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. These findings offer insight into potential strategies to understand the succession of HMRBs during PM reuse. Overall, the above results show the addition of 6% biochar (T4) was potentially beneficial to enrich the abundance of bacterial community to improve composting environment quality and composting efficiency. In addition, effective to immobilized the heavy metals and HMRB in the end product.

Production and beneficial impact of biochar for environmental application: A comprehensive review.

This review focuses on a holistic view of biochar, production from feedstock's, engineering production strategies, its applications and future prospects. This article reveals a systematic emphasis on the continuation and development of biochar and its production methods such as Physical engineering, chemical and bio-engineering techniques. In addition, biochar alternatives such as nutrient formations and surface area made it a promising cheap source of carbon-based products such as anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis, commercially available wastewater treatment, carbons, energy storage, microbial fuel cell electrodes, and super-capacitors repair have been reviewed. This paper also covers the knowledge blanks of strategies and ideas for the future in the field of engineering biochar production techniques and application as well as expand the technology used in the circular bio-economy.

Positive impact of biochar alone and combined with bacterial consortium amendment on improvement of bacterial community during cow manure composting.

The present work studied to evaluate the effectiveness under the interaction of bacterial consortium and biochar applied to give impetus to bacterial community activities among cow manure composting. High-throughput sequencing technique and six treatments were carried out: T2, T3 and T6 were single apply of bacteria culture (C), 12%wood biochar (12%WB) and 12%wheat straw biochar (12%WSB), respectively, while T4 and T5 were bacterial consortium combined with 12%WB and 12%WSB respectively, and T1 was used as control. The conclusion shows that the richness of bacterial community were most prosperity in T5 and T4 that in line with the statistical analysis angle of curves and cluster. The dominate phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were accounted to 31.36%, 34.79% and 33.85%, the superior genera were Dysgonomonas (16.55%), Empedobater (9.39%), Atopostipes (13.42%), Tissierella (8.25%), Marinimicrobium (14.45%) and Pseudomonas (9%). Overall, bacterial consortium combined with biochar could stimulate microbe activity to accelerate degradation, enhance richness and alter specific selection of bacterial community.

The behavior of antibiotic resistance genes and their associations with bacterial community during poultry manure composting.

In this paper, the influence of clay amendment on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) fate and their relation with bacterial diversity in poultry manure (PM) composting was evaluated. The results confirmed that 4% clay amendment was significantly reduce the relative abundances (RAs) 94% of ARGs, while higher dosage of clay blended treatments (T5 and T6) composts were observed relatively very high percentage of ARGs as compared to other clay blended treatments. Clay addition play potential role on the occurrence and distribution of ARGs during the composting by altering the overall RAs of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and there host bacterial species. The heat map correlation figure also indicated that reduction of ARGs was significantly associated with the alteration of microbial dynamics and physicochemical parameters during the composting. Therefore, the addition of 4% clay in to PM composting system could efficiently mitigate the greater concentration of ARGs in PM compost and also environmental risk associated with its application.

Improving methane yield and quality via co-digestion of cow dung mixed with food waste.

Methane (CH4) production and quality were enhanced by the co-digestion of cow dung and food waste (FW) mixed with organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) under optimized conditions in bench and semi continuous-scale mode for a period of 30 days. A bacterium capable of high yield of CH4 was enriched and isolated by employing activated sewage sludge as the inoculums. The thirteen bacterial isolates were identified through morphological and biochemical tests. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the chemical compositions of the generated biogas. CH4 yields were significantly higher during co-digestion of Run II (7.59 L) than Run I (3.7 L). Therefore, the co-digestion of FW with OFMSW and Run II was observed to be a competent method for biogas conversion from organic waste resources.